Supplement: Chapter review questions

Multiple-choice questions

1. _______ is a determination of one’s identity as a function of individual and social factors.

1. Sex
2. Gender
3. Sexuality
4. Intersexuality

2. _______ is a determination of one’s identity as a function of biology.

1. Sex
2. Gender
3. Sexuality
4. Intersexuality

 3.  The maximalistic perspective states that the differences between men and women are _____ and, because they are based on genetics, these differences are ­­­­_____ to change.

1. small; difficult
2. large; possible
3. small; possible
4. large; difficult

 4.  Researchers interested in exploring how social factors may be influential in explaining the changes in observable behaviors between men and women operate from which perspective?

1. Biosocial
2. Evolutionary
3. Maximalist
4. Essentialist

 5.  The notion that any difference observed between men and women today should be expected to continue to exist conceivably well into the foreseeable future and beyond is consistent with which perspective?

1. Biosocial
2. Evolutionary
3. Maximalist
4. Essentialist

 6.  _______ is a term used to describe a cultural bias in which male perspectives and experiences are prioritized and considered the norm.

1. Transgenderism
2. Misogyny
3. Androcentrism
4. Intersexuality

 7.  The concept that one's perspective and experiences are shaped by their social location and experiences of oppression or privilege is known as

1. standpoint
2. androcentrism
3. agency
4. reflexivity

 8.  _____ refers to the capacity of individuals to act, make decisions, and shape their own lives and the world around them.

1. Reflexivity
2. Agency
3. Standpoint
4. Androcentrism

 9.  Which of the following approaches towards studying gender are most similar?

1. Minimalist and biosocial
2. Maximalist and biosocial
3. Minimalist and evolutionary
4. Minimalist and essentialist

 10.  The _____ perspective in the study of gender suggests that there are inherent and unchanging differences between men and women that are determined by biology.

1. essentialist
2. biosocial
3. social constructionist
4. interactionist

Short answer questions

1. Differentiate between the terms sex and gender.
2. How would a minimalist researcher approach gender issues?
3. How would a maximalist researcher approach gender issues?
4. Explain gender from the constructionist perspective.
5. Explain gender from the essentialist perspective.
6. Compare and contrast the minimalist and maximalist perspectives.
7. What does it mean to be gender non-conforming?
8. When did research into sex and gender start to become common?
9. Describe the complexity of gender and gender identity.
10. Discuss why the term ‘gender reveal party’ should not be used.

Multiple-choice questions

1.  When a researcher makes observations of individuals engaging in their natural environment, this is called a _______ .

1. case study
2. naturalistic observation
3. focus group
4. survey

 2.  What type of data are used to summarize and describe the main features of a data set?

1. Descriptive
2. Predictive
3. Explanatory
4. Archival

3.     People are often influenced by what type of bias which causes them to alter how they behave or what they say to conform to societal norms and expectations?

1. Confirmation bias
2. Availability bias
3. Social desirability bias
4. Self-serving

 4.  Of the following, which methodology best refers to researchers gathering together a small number of individuals to ask them questions directly as part of their study participation?

1. Focus group
2. Survey
3. Naturalistic observation
4. Archival research

 5.  In a correlational study between two variables, if it is determined that as scores on one variable increase, and the scores on the second variable decrease, how would this relationship be described?

1. Positive relationship
2. Negative relationship
3. Unsustainable relationship
4. Unsubstantiated relationship

 6.  Surveys involve just the ______ of variables, whereas experiments also include the _____ of variables.

1. measurement; manipulation
2. elimination; measurement
3. manipulation; measurement
4. manipulation; elimination

 7.  What is necessary in an experiment for a researcher to be able to infer a causal relationship between two variables?

1. Measurement
2. Manipulation
3. Description
4. Prediction

 8.  A _____ refers to any variable that interferes with the ability to determine causation.

1. prediction
2. parameter
3. confabulation
4. confound

 9.  Which type of experimental confound occurs when an unequal number of participants from various research groups drop out of a study?

1. Instrumentation
2. Statistical regression
3. Mortality
4. Maturation

 10.  What type of data would include an examination of historical records, documents, or data that have already been collected?

1. Archival
2. Experimental
3. Inferential
4. Parameter 

Short answer questions

1. Provide an example of descriptive data, predictive data, and explanatory data.
2. What are the limitations of descriptive and predictive data?
3. What is necessary for a researcher to establish causation?
4. In what situations would a naturalistic observation be used?
5. Explain the difference between open-ended and closed-ended questions.
6. How are focus group data collected?
7. Describe the role of correlational data in psychological research.
8. Explain the difference between an independent and a dependent variable.
9. Describe how confounds can influence the results of a research study.
10. Discuss the role of archival data in psychological research.

Multiple-choice questions

1.  Which stage of typical biological sex development involves the maturation of internal genitalia due to the influence of the release of sex hormones?

1. Genetic
2. Gonadal
3. Hormonal
4. Embryonic

 2.  Which of the following statements accurately reflects the information provided in the text?

1. The biological sex of a child is determined at conception.
2. The biological sex of a child is determined during the gestational period.
3. The biological sex of a child is determined by a combination of chromosomal make-up and other factors.
4. The biological sex of a child is determined by factors that are not specified in the text.

 3.  Which internal duct system is associated with an undifferentiated fetus developing consistent with the male pattern?

1. Wollfian
2. Müllerian 
3. Endocrine
4. Exocrine

 4.  Which internal duct system is associated with an undifferentiated fetus developing consistent with the female pattern?

1. Wollfian
2. Müllerian
3. Endocrine
4. Exocrine

 5.  For typical biological males, the gonads will develop into _____.  For typical biological females, the gonads will develop into _____.   

1. testes; ovaries
2. ovaries; testes
3. gametes; SRY genes
4. SRY genes; gametes

 6.  What is the chromosomal pattern of an individual with Klinefelter’s Syndrome?

1. XX
2. XY
3. XXY
4. XYY

 7.  What is the chromosomal pattern of an individual with Turner’s Syndrome?

1. XY
2. XO
3. XX
4. XXY

 8.  An individual with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency disorder has what chromosomal pattern?

1. XX
2. XY
3. XO
4. XXY

 9.  A biologically XY (male) individual who develops according to the otherwise XX (female) pattern throughout adulthood is likely experiencing which intersex condition?

1. Androgen insensitivity syndrome
2. Turner’s syndrome
3. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
4. Super Male syndrome

 10.  An increase in androgens during fetal development can have a(n) ____effect on the fetus, meaning that it masculinizes its development.  

1. confabulatory
2. ingratiating
3. androgynous
4. virilizing

Short answer questions

1. Explain the role that chromosomes play in determining biological sex.
2. Explain the role that hormones play in determining biological sex.
3. Describe the Wollfian and Müllerian system ducts and their role in biological sex.
4. Explain the role of hormones on the development of the gonads.
5. Compare and contrast Klinefelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome.
6. When is the term ‘intersexed’ used to describe an individual’s biological sex?
7. Describe how chromosomal abnormalities can result in intersexed conditions.
8. Describe how hormonal abnormalities can result in intersexed conditions.
9. Identify the chromosomal pattern of an individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome.
10. Explain the process of temperature-dependent sex determination.

Multiple-choice questions

1.  Which component of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is driven by the morality principle?

1. Id
2. Unconscious
3. Super ego
4. Ego

 2.  What is the process by which the ego transforms the carnal desires of the id into more socially appropriate behaviors?

1. Sublimation
2. Transformation
3. Regression
4. Suppression

 3.  _______ is a psychoanalytic theory that suggests that male psychosexual development is characterized by feelings of inadequacy and frustration caused by the lack of a womb.

1. Inferiority complex
2. Oedipus complex
3. Frustration envy
4. Womb envy

 4.  Which developmental theory suggests that suggests that people learn from observing the actions and consequences of others as well as from direct experience?

1. Social learning theory
2. Gender schema theory
3. Psychoanalytic theory
4. Cognitive-developmental theory

 5.  Which developmental theory suggests that qualitative changes in a child’s cognitive functioning are directly associated with their changing understanding of sex and gender?

1. Social learning theory
2. Gender schema theory
3. Psychoanalytic theory
4. Cognitive-developmental theory

 6.  According to Kohlberg, _______ is the recognition that a boy will grow up to be a man and that a girl will grow up to be a woman.  

1. gender identity
2. gender stability
3. gender constancy
4. gender fidelity

 7.  Bem identified four categories of gender identity.  Which category suggests that individuals process information related to both sexes?

1. Sex-typed
2. Cross-sex-typed
3. Androgynous
4. Undifferentiated

 8.  The term _______ refers to individuals whose gender identity matches up with their assigned sex at birth, whereas the term _______ refers to individuals whose gender identity does not match up with their assigned sex at birth.

1. cisgender; transgender
2. transgender; transsexual
3. transsexual; transgender
4. transgender; cisgender

 9.  _______ occurs when a great amount of psychological stress is caused by the inconsistency between one’s current gender identity and their assigned sex at birth.

1. Gender dysphoria
2. Gender dysthymia
3. Gender arrythmia
4. Gender discomfiture

 10.  In which stage of Freud’s psychosexual development is a person’s pleasure derived from shifting sexual desires onto others?  

1. oral
2. phallic
3. genital
4. anal

 Short answer questions

1. Describe the three major components of personality according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
2. Explain the pleasure principle as it relates to the id.
3. Describe the difference between conscious and unconscious processes.
4. What is sublimation and how does it relate to the ego?
5. Describe the five stages of psychosexual development.
6. Compare and contrast psychoanalytic theory and psychodynamic theory.
7. Explain how social learning theory can influence an individual’s gender identity.
8. Describe the major stages of gender development according to Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory.
9. Explain how masculine and feminine traits are represented in the four different categories of gender schema theory’s types of individuals.
10. Describe how gender dysphoria can affect an individual’s sense of gender identity.

Multiple-choice questions

1.  _______ development refers to the process by which an individual develops a gender identity that aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth.

1. Cisgender
2. Transgender
3. Transsexual
4. Cissexual

 2.  Which term is commonly used to describe a person whose gender identity is not exclusively male or female?

1. Gender fluid
2. Non-binary
3. Transgender
4. Agender

 3.  Which term is commonly used to describe a person whose gender identity is different from the sex they were assigned at birth?

1. Cisgender
2. Transgender
3. Non-binary
4. Gender fluid

4.  According to most recent data, what percentage of the U.S. adult population identifies as transgender?

 a.  0.06

b. 0.60

c. 6.06

d. 6.60

5. Which term is used to identify individuals who are attracted to all gender identities and sexes?

1. Homosexual
2. Bisexual
3. Queer
4. Pansexual

 6.  A _____ is someone who is attracted to the same gender, whereas a _______ is someone who is attracted to the opposite gender.

1. heterosexual; homosexual
2. transgender; homosexual
3. homosexual; heterosexual
4. homosexual; pansexual

 7.  ______ is when an individual absorbs the negative messages that society sends about their marginalized group and begins to believe them.  

1. Internalized oppression
2. Gender dysphoria
3. Heterosexuality
4. Transgenderism

 8.  Which term is used to describe a person whose gender identity is not fixed and can change over time or depending on the situation?

1. Transgender
2. Pansexual
3. Non-binary
4. Gender fluid

 9.  _______ refers to the notion that gender is not an inherent or biological characteristic but rather a social and cultural construction that is performed and enacted through various actions, expressions, and cultural norms.

1. Gender performativity
2. Gender dysphoria
3. Gender fluidity
4. Cisgenderism

 10.  Which of the following is NOT a criticism of queer theory?

1. It involves a lack of clarity.
2. It is rather White-centric.
3. It is not grounded in theory.
4. It is politically ineffective.

Short answer questions

1. Discuss what it means to be cisgender.
2. How is one’s gender identity understood throughout different developmental stages?
3. Provide examples of differing gender identities.
4. Describe various cultural variations in the expression of gender identity.
5. Discuss what it means to be transgender.
6. Identify and describe common sexual identities.
7. Describe how expression of one’s gender identity has evolved throughout history.
8. Explain the notion of gender fluidity and its relation to gender identity.
9. Discuss how being non-binary is different from sexual orientation.
10. Identify what research has been conducted regarding gender identity.

Multiple-choice questions

1.  Gender _____ refer to what is commonly believed to be true for men versus women.

1. roles
2. norms
3. stereotypes
4. dynamics

 2.  What is the main idea behind the Doctrine of Two Spheres perspective?

1. Men and women have different interests, leading to a division of labor.
2. The division of labor is based on actual differences in preferences.
3. The division of labor is an illusory correlation, not based on actual preferences.
4. The division of labor is a result of social and cultural norms.

3.  What does Eagly’s social role theory suggest about the division of labor and differences in interests and abilities between women and men?

1. Men and women have different interests and abilities due to their division of labor.
2. The division of labor has led to the notion that women are more nurturing and that men possess more agency.
3. Differences in interests and abilities between women and men are based on nature, not social norms.
4. Both women and men have equal interests and abilities, but society dictates their division of labor.

 4.  Which element of the Cult of True Womanhood required that a woman was expected to be religious?

1. Piety
2. Purity
3. Submissiveness
4. Domesticity

 5.  Which element of masculine ideology required that a man was expected to demonstrate independence and self-confidence?

1. The Big Wheel
2. The Sturdy Oak
3. No Sissy Stuff
4. Give ‘em Hell

 6.  What are some of the defining characteristics of masculine ideology?

1. Power, control, dominance, and physical strength
2. Emotional expression, vulnerability, and dependence
3. Nurturing, spirituality, piety, and domestic work
4. Family values, religious instruction, and protection from devilish temptation

 7.  _______ occurs when a person is worried about behaving in a way that confirms negative stereotypes about members of their group.

1. Stereotype threat
2. Gender worry
3. Cognitive relapse
4. Stereotype confirmation bias

8.  What is it called when individuals experience difficulty matching up to idealized gender stereotypes which may not reflect their true gender identity?

1. Cognitive relapse
2. Gender role strain
3. Stereotype threat
4. Stereotype confirmation bias

 9.  Which element of the Cult of True Womanhood required that a woman was expected to allow their husbands to control them and not create any disturbances in the home?

1. Piety
2. Purity
3. Submissiveness
4. Domesticity

 10.  According to Thomas and Peck, which desirable characteristic meant that a ‘real’ man was driven to achieve and gain others’ respect?

1. Status
2. Toughness
3. Antifeminity
4. Stoicism

Short answer questions

1. Discuss the role of the Victorian era on the development of modern gender stereotypes.
2. Explain how gender roles were crystallized as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
3. Describe the Doctrine of Two Spheres and its relationship to gender stereotypes.
4. Describe the expectations of women according to the Cult of True Womanhood.
5. Describe the expectations of men according to masculine ideology.
6. What is the function of gender stereotyping?
7. How does the gender-equitable male relate to modern gender stereotypes?
8. Explain the perpetuation of sex-typed division of labor in the United States.
9. Discuss how Eagly’s social role theory contributes to sex-typed division of labor.
10. How do myths related to pregnancy reinforce modern gender stereotypes?

Multiple-choice questions

1.  According to the National Center for Education Statistics (2022), girls in the United States have a relatively ______ rate of school attendance compared to girls in many other countries around the world.  

1. low
2. mediocre
3. average
4. high

 2.  Which of the following does NOT explain why boys are more likely to pursue STEM subjects than girls?

1. Boys are often socialized from a young age to be interested in STEM.
2. Boys may be encouraged to play with toys that promote these interests.
3. Girls are naturally thought to be inclined to excel in math and science.
4. Girls are less likely to be exposed to role models who work in STEM fields.

 3.  _______ occurs when an individual is in a situation where a negative stereotype about their group is made salient.

1. Stereotype threat
2. Gender confirmation
3. Ingroup bias
4. Gender negativity

 4.  _______ refers to the phenomenon where women who are perceived as being more masculine in their behavior and communication styles are less likely to be hired, promoted, or receive fair compensation compared to women who are perceived as more feminine.

1. Gender negativity
2. Stereotype threat
3. Masculine trait penalty
4. Outgroup homogeneity

 5.  What is the term used to refer to the phenomenon where mothers are often perceived as less committed to their jobs and are more likely to be passed over for promotions and pay raises than women without children?

1. Motherhood penalty
2. Feminine downgrading
3. Fatherhood privilege
4. Female invisibility

 6.  The _______ refers to the invisible barrier that often prevents women and minorities from reaching the highest levels of an organization.

1. Sticky floor
2. Glass ceiling
3. Glass escalator
4. Motherhood penalty

 7.  Which term is used to describe the phenomenon where individuals doubt their abilities and accomplishments and feel as if they are frauds in the workplace?

1. Sticky floor
2. Glass ceiling
3. Imposter syndrome
4. Motherhood penalty

 8.  Which type of leader is focused on maintaining the status quo and achieving specific goals and objectives?

1. Transactional
2. Transformational
3. Translational
4. Tyrannical

 9.  In terms of leadership style, men are more likely to be ________ whereas women are more likely to be ________.

1. relationship-focused; task-focused
2. results-oriented; relationship-oriented
3. relationship-oriented; results-oriented
4. collaborative; assertive

 10.  Which term refers to the phenomenon where men who work in traditionally female-dominated occupations are more likely to be promoted to higher-level positions than women who work in the same field?

1. Glass ceiling
2. Glass escalator
3. Sticky floor
4. Imposter syndrome

Short answer questions

1. Discuss what barriers girls face attending school.
2. Describe how boys and girls are treated differently in the classroom and its effect on educational performance.
3. Indicate how educational materials and curricula may promote gender stereotypes.
4. What factors may encourage boys to pursue more STEM courses than girls?
5. Discuss what factors are associated with the gender pay gap.
6. How do differences in socialization experiences between boys and girls help explain disparities in adult employment?
7. Differentiate the terms ‘masculine trait penalty’ and ‘motherhood penalty’ as it relates to employment.
8. What barriers are women more likely to face in the workforce than men?
9. How do men and women typically differ in their leadership styles?
10. Describe the difference between a transactional and a transformational leader as it relates to gender.

Multiple-choice questions

1.  Which of the following statements BEST describes the impact of gender on health and well-being?

1. Gender has no impact on health and well-being.
2. Gender can influence how individuals seek and receive health care.
3. Gender does not play a role in healthcare stereotypes.
4. Gender has no influence on how individuals seek and receive health care.

 2.  _______ is a hormone produced primarily in the ovaries in women.

1. Estrogen
2. Testosterone
3. Progesterone
4. Cortisol

 3.  _______ is a hormone that plays an important role in the development and maintenance of male physical health.

1. Estrogen
2. Testosterone
3. Progesterone
4. Cortisol

 4.  High levels of testosterone have been linked to which of the following health issues?

1. an increased risk of heart disease and liver dysfunction
2. an enlarged prostate
3. decreased bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis
4. acne and other skin problems

 5.  Gender _______ are oversimplified beliefs, opinions, and attitudes about what are considered to be the typical characteristics, abilities, and behaviors of males and females.

1. roles
2. stereotypes
3. norms
4. attributes

 6.  Which of the following BEST describes the impact of gender stereotypes on the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease in women?

1. Women receive the same diagnostic tests and treatments as men.
2. Women’s symptoms are taken as seriously as those of men.
3. Women are less likely to receive certain diagnostic tests and treatments due to gender stereotypes.
4. Women are more likely to receive certain diagnostic tests and treatments due to gender stereotypes.

 7.  Which of the following is NOT a barrier that marginalized community members face when accessing health care?

1. stigma and discrimination within the health care system
2. reduced access to quality healthcare
3. structural barriers such as transportation and geographic isolation
4. adequate insurance coverage and low out-of-pocket expenses

 8.  Which of the following BEST describes the impact of hormones on mental health for both men and women?

1. Hormones do not play a role in mental health for either men or women.
2. Hormones only play a role in mental health for women.
3. Hormones play a role in mental health for both men and women.
4. Hormones only play a role in mental health for men.

 9.  What are some barriers that transgender individuals may face when accessing mental health care?

1. Legal protections in place for transgender individuals.
2. Ample insurance coverage for transgender-related care.
3. Mental health providers who are knowledgeable and culturally competent in serving the transgender community.
4. Financial barriers and discrimination from mental health providers.

 10.  Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence how emotions are expressed and perceived based on gender?

1. Gender stereotypes and societal norms
2. Biological factors such as hormones
3. Cultural and socialization experiences
4. Climate patterns

Short answer questions

1. Describe some factors which can influence our health and overall well-being.
2. How do gender stereotypes affect how individuals access health care?
3. Discuss the role that hormones play in affecting our physical health.
4. Why do individuals from marginalized communities experience greater health care disparities?
5. Explain the relationship between physical and mental health.
6. How can masculine ideology affect men’s access to mental health care?
7. What mental health conditions are more prevalent in women than men?
8. Discuss how gender can influence the expression of emotion.
9. What barriers do non-gender-conforming individuals face when accessing health care?
10. How can health care providers be more gender inclusive with their services?

Multiple-choice questions

1.  Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between media representation of gender and societal norms and beliefs?

1. Media representation of gender is solely shaped by societal norms and beliefs.
2. Media representation of gender only reflects societal norms and beliefs.
3. Media representation of gender both reflects and shapes societal norms and beliefs.
4. Media representation of gender is independent of societal norms and beliefs.

 2.  What role does media representation of gender play in shaping societal views of gender and gender norms?

1. Media representation of gender is passive and does not play a role in shaping societal views.
2. Media representation of gender ignores traditional gender norms and stereotypes.
3. Media representation of gender both reinforces and challenges traditional gender norms and stereotypes.
4. Media representation of gender reinforces traditional gender norms and stereotypes by depicting alternative forms of femininity and masculinity.

 3.  What is a common criticism of the way in which gender is represented in the media?

1. Women are accurately and fairly represented in media.
2. People of color and LGBTQ+ individuals are accurately and fairly represented in media. 
3. Women are underrepresented and portrayed in stereotypical and limited ways in media.
4. Both A and B are accurate.

 4.  What are some ways to improve media representation of gender issues?

1. Ignore media representation of gender issues and not engage in dialogue.
2. Foster conversations and increase collaboration between media creators and experts.
3. Continue to have limited representation of underrepresented groups in decision-making roles in the media industry.
4. All of the above.

 5.  In what way are gender stereotypes often portrayed in literature?

1. By portraying women as passive, emotional, and in need of protection, and men as strong, aggressive, and in control.
2. By challenging traditional gender roles and expectations.
3. By accurately representing a diverse range of gender identities and expressions.
4. By accurately representing marginalized groups in a positive light.

 6.  Which of the following is not a result of how gender and beauty standards for women are represented in magazines?

1. It can lead to negative body image and low self-esteem.
2. It can contribute to the sexualization of women.
3. It can lead to disordered eating habits and other related health issues.
4. It can lead to positive body image and increased self-esteem.

 7.  Which of the following is not a way that gender stereotypes are reinforced in advertising?

1. Portraying women as primarily concerned with beauty and appearance and men with power and status.
2. Targeting products and services equally to men and women.
3. Objectifying and sexualizing women to sell products.
4. Using colors associated with a certain gender to target products.

 8.  _______ refers to the use of language that either consciously or unconsciously reflects or reinforces gender stereotypes or biases.

1. Gendered language
2. Dichotomous thinking
3. Stereotype threat
4. Word bias

 9.  Which of the following is an example of gendered language?

1. Using “postal worker” to describe individuals employed by the US Post Office.
2. Awarding Oscars to “Best Actor” and “Best Actress”.
3. Using the word “they” to describe a group of individuals.
4. Using “police officer” to describe individuals employed by law enforcement agencies.

 10.  In modern advertising, ______ is used to market products towards boys and _____ is used to market products towards girls.

1. pink; blue
2. green; brown
3. blue; brown
4. blue; pink

Short answer questions

1. Describe how media reflects societal gender constructs.
2. Describe how societal gender constructs influence the types of media produced.
3. How does the representation of men and women in the media influence society’s notions of masculinity and femininity?
4. Identify both positive and negative portrayals of gender in film.
5. In what ways can film producers increase the accurate representation of women and member of other minority groups?
6. In what ways has classic literature reinforced gender roles and stereotypes?
7. How have men and women been depicted in stereotypical ways in popular literature?
8. Describe the ways in which advertisers use gender to sell their products.
9. What is gendered language and how does it influence gender stereotypical thinking?
10. How does the use of gender modifiers in our language influence our expectations regarding appropriate behavior for men and women?

Multiple-choice questions

1.  Toys marketed towards boys typically encourage ______, whereas toys marketed towards girls typically encourage ________.

1. cooperation; competition
2. cooperation; strategy
3. competition; strategy
4. competition; cooperation

 2.  Which of the following is NOT a general category into which most toys targeted towards children are placed?

1. Masculine
2. Feminine
3. Undifferentiated
4. Gender-neutral

 3.  Which of the following best explains why children exhibit gender-stereotypical preferences for toys?

1. Differences in prenatal sex hormones
2. Parental and peer influences
3. Particular visual perceptual features
4. The sociability of the children themselves

 4.  Which of the following best describes the characteristics of traditional "girl toys"?

1. Encourage physical activity and use in large groups
2. Promote cooperation, indoor activities, and creativity
3. Emphasize aggression and competitiveness
4. Decreased focus on domestic chores and personal appearance

 5.  What is the main reason behind the division of toy aisles into boy, girl, and gender-neutral categories in most retail locations?

1. To help children make informed toy purchasing decisions
2. To cater to the preferences of the adults who are usually the ones purchasing the toys
3. To comply with government regulations
4. To reflect the individual interests of each child.

 6.  What is the relationship between gender stereotypes and children's toy preferences according to research?

1. Boys prefer male toys over female toys or neutral toys, and girls tend to spend equal time with male, female, and neutral toys.
2. Parents tend to encourage gender-traditional play in their children and discourage cross-gender play.
3. Research calls into question the extent to which toys reflect pre-existing traditional gender stereotypes or whether marketing of toys may encourage development of gender-distinctive behaviors.
4. Girls prefer female toys, and boys prefer boy toys, as is the typical assumption of society.

 7.  What is the relationship between children's toys and their gender-distinctive behaviors according to research?

1. Males tend to prefer male toys over female toys or neutral toys, while females tend to play equally with male, female and neutral toys.
2. Parents tend to discourage cross-gender play and encourage gender-traditional play in their children.
3. Research calls into question whether the marketing of toys has responsibility in encouraging the development of gender-distinctive behaviors in children or if the toys just reflect pre-existing traditional gender stereotypes.
4. All of the above.

 8.  What are the characteristics that are likely to be emphasized in toys marketed towards young girls compared to toys not targeted towards young girls?

1. Aggression and competitiveness
2. Creativity, physical activities, and low levels of communication and cooperation
3. Dark colors and rapid activities
4. Domestic chores, mothering skills, and personal appearance

 9.  Which of the following best describes the characteristics of traditional "boy toys"?

1. Encourage sedate activity and use in small groups
2. Promote cooperation, indoor activities, and creativity
3. Emphasize aggression and competitiveness
4. Increased focus on domestic chores and personal appearance

 10.  What is the most likely cause of the perpetuation of gender stereotypes in children's toys?

1. The characteristics desired in toys for boys or girls
2. The marketing and advertising of said toys
3. Both A and B
4. The origin of the perpetuation is unclear.

Short answer questions

1. How does toy marketing perpetuate modern gender stereotypes?
2. Explain the development of gender-stereotypical preferences in boys and girls.
3. Discuss the differences in preferences in play activities between boys and girls.
4. How does gender marketing influence gender-stereotypical preferences?
5. Explain how gender-neutral marketing influences gender-stereotypical preferences.
6. What role do parents have in the development of gender differences?
7. Describe the extent to which children exert gender-stereotypical preferences.
8. Describe the division of toy marketing along gender-stereotypical lines.
9. Explain how marketing discourages cross-gender play.
10. Explain how marketing encourages gender-stereotypical patterns of behavior.

Multiple-choice questions

1.  According to the most recent statistics, the average woman working full-time in the United States earned just _____ cents for every dollar earned by a man.

a. 62 cents

b. 72 cents

c. 82 cents

d. 92 cents 

2.  What are some of the factors that contribute to the gender wage gap in the US?

1. Lack of education and experience
2. Systemic issues such as unequal distribution of caregiving responsibilities
3. Lack of access to flexible work arrangements
4. All of the above

 3.  _______ refers to the practice of making information about the compensation paid to employees publicly available, or easily accessible to employees within an organization.

1. Pay transparency
2. Paycheck accountability
3. Clear compensation
4. Payroll accessibility

 4.  Which equal pay law prohibits gender-based wage discrimination between men and women who perform substantially equal work in the same establishment?

1. Equal Pay Act of 1963
2. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
3. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
4. Gender-based Workplace Equity Act of 1969

 5.  Women comprise nearly half of the workforce in the United States and are _______ in leadership positions in many industries.

1. highly overrepresented
2. adequately represented
3. underrepresented
4. somewhat overrepresented

 6.  Which of the following statements best describes the challenges faced by women in advancing to leadership positions?

1. They have access to the same professional networks and mentorship opportunities as their male colleagues.
2. They do not face pay disparities and other barriers to promotion.
3. They do not bring unique experiences, perspectives, and skills to the table.
4. They face multiple challenges, including pay disparities, limited access to professional networks, and balancing work and family responsibilities.

 7.  Which of the following statements best describes the current gender inequity in access to healthcare?

1. Men and women have equal access to and receive the same level of healthcare services.
2. Men and women face the same barriers to healthcare such as insurance and transportation issues.
3. Women may have more difficulty accessing health care due to work-family conflicts and a lack of paid time off, which can make it challenging to take time off for medical appointments.
4. Men may have more difficulty accessing health care due to work-family conflicts and a lack of paid time off, which can make it challenging to take time off for medical appointments.

8.  Which of the following is NOT typically offered by home visiting programs?

1. information about child development
2. transportation to medical appointments
3. access to healthcare options
4. topics relevant to maternal and child health

 9.  What is the term used to describe the phenomenon in which women are expected to be the primary caregiver for their children even at the expense of their own careers and personal lives?

1. Responsible parent syndrome
2. Motherhood penalty
3. Juxtaposition disposition
4. Gendered career neglect

 10.   _______ violence refers to any behavior used by one person in an intimate relationship to control and harm the other.

1. Social
2. Domestic
3. Sexual
4. Relationship

Short answer questions

1. What factors contribute to the gender wage gap in the US?
2. What are some of the negative consequences of gender pay disparity?
3. How does Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 relate to gender and the workforce?
4. Describe what factors contribute to the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions.
5. What are the benefits of having more women in leadership positions?
6. What barriers are women more likely to face in accessing healthcare than are men?
7. What role do social norms and stereotypes play in explaining gender inequity in healthcare?
8. Identify some ways in which society can raise public awareness about domestic and sexual violence.
9. What role can the media and pop culture play in promoting gender equality?
10. What is in the future for gender equality?