Chapter review

Introduction

  1. Differentiate between the terms sex and gender.
  2. How would a minimalist researcher approach gender issues?
  3. How would a maximalist researcher approach gender issues?
  4. Explain gender from the constructionist perspective.
  5. Explain gender from the essentialist perspective.
  6. Compare and contrast the minimalist and maximalist perspectives.
  7. What does it mean to be gender non-conforming?
  8. When did research into sex and gender start to become common?
  9. Describe the complexity of gender and gender identity.
  10. Discuss how the term ‘gender reveal party’ should not be used.

Researching sex and gender

  1. Provide an example of descriptive data, predictive data, and explanatory data.
  2. What are the limitations of descriptive and predictive data?
  3. What is necessary for a researcher to establish causation?
  4. In what situations would a naturalistic observation be used?
  5. Explain the difference between open-ended and closed-ended questions.
  6. How is focus group data collected?
  7. Describe the role of correlational data in psychological research.
  8. Explain the difference between an independent and a dependent variable.
  9. Describe how confounds can influence the results of a research study.
  10. Discuss the role of archival data in psychological research.

Biological sex and intersexuality

  1. Explain the role that chromosomes play in determining biological sex.
  2. Explain the role that hormones play in determining biological sex.
  3. Describe the Wollfian and Müllerian system ducts and their role in biological sex.
  4. Explain the role of hormones on the development of the gonads.
  5. Compare and contrast Klinefelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome.
  6. When is the term ‘intersexed’ used to describe an individual’s biological sex?
  7. Describe how chromosomal abnormalities can result in intersexed conditions.
  8. Describe how hormonal abnormalities can result in intersexed conditions.
  9. Identify the chromosomal pattern of an individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome.
  10. Explain the process of temperature-dependent sex determination.

Theories on development

  1. Describe the three major components of personality according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
  2. Explain the pleasure principle as it relates to the id.
  3. Describe the difference between conscious and unconscious processes.
  4. What is sublimation and how does it relate to the ego?
  5. Describe the five stages of psychosexual development.
  6. Compare and contrast psychoanalytic theory and psychodynamic theory.
  7. Explain how social learning theory can influence an individual’s gender identity.
  8. Describe the major stages of gender development according to Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory.
  9. Explain how masculine and feminine traits are represented in the four different categories of gender schema theory’s types of individuals.
  10. Describe how gender dysphoria can affect an individual’s sense of gender identity.

Gender stereotypes

  1. Discuss the role of the Victorian era on the development of modern gender stereotypes.
  2. Explain how gender roles were crystallized as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
  3. Describe the Doctrine of Two Spheres and its relationship to gender stereotypes.
  4. Describe the expectations of women according to the Cult of True Womanhood.
  5. Describe the expectations of men according to masculine ideology.
  6. What is the function of gender stereotyping?
  7. How does the gender-equitable male relate to modern gender stereotypes?
  8. Explain the perpetuation of sex-typed division of labor in the United States.
  9. Discuss how Eagly’s social role theory contributes to sex-typed division of labor.
  10. How do myths related to pregnancy reinforce modern gender stereotypes?

Gender and marketing

  1. How does toy marketing perpetuate modern gender stereotypes?
  2. Explain the development of gender-stereotypical preferences in boys and girls.
  3. Discuss the differences in preferences in play activities between boys and girls.
  4. How does gender marketing influence gender-stereotypical preferences?
  5. Explain how gender-neutral marketing influences gender-stereotypical preferences.
  6. What role do parents have in the development of gender differences?
  7. Describe the extent to which children exert gender-stereotypical preferences.
  8. Describe the division of toy marketing along gender-stereotypical lines.
  9. Explain how marketing discourages cross-gender play.
  10. Explain how marketing encourages gender-stereotypical patterns of behavior.