References

Introduction

Evans, M., & Williams, C. (2012).  Gender: The key concepts.  Taylor and Francis Group.

Galliano, G. (2002). Gender: Crossing boundaries.   Thomson Wadsworth.

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Pilcher, J., & Whelehan, I. (2004).  Fifty key concepts in gender studies. Thousand Oaks, CA:  Sage Publications Inc.

Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 699–727. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699

Biological sex and intersexuality

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Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021, July 15). Hermaphroditism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/hermaphroditism.

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Cai, V., & Yap, T.  (2022).  Gender identity and questioning in Klinefelter’s syndrome.  BJPsych Open, 8(S1), S44-45.  doi: 10.1192/bjo.2022.176.

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Theories on development

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Fifth edition (2013). American Psychiatric Association.

Turban, J. (2020, November).  What is gender dysphoria?  American Psychiatric Association.   https://psychiatry.org/patients-families/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria

Gender stereotypes

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American Psychological Association, Boys and Men Guidelines Group. (2018). APA guidelines for psychological practice with boys and men. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/about/policy/psychological-practice-boys-men-guidelines.pdf.

Brannon, R. (1976).  The male sex role:  Our culture’s blueprint for manhood, what it’s done for us lately.   In D. David & R. Brannon (Eds.), The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role. Reading, MA:   Addison Wesley.

Brannon, R., & Juni, S. (1984). A scale for measuring attitudes about masculinity. Psychological Documents, 14, 6-7.

Fernandez-Alvarez, O. (2014).   Non-hegemonic masculinity against gender violence.  Procedia, 161, 48-55.

Hopper, E. (2019).  What is stereotype threat? The negative effects of worrying about confirming a stereotype.  Retrieved 8/10/2022 from http://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-stereotype-threat-4586395.

Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum.

Lerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T. (1978). Just-world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1030-1051.

Neilson, E.C., Singh, R. S., Harper, K.L, & Teng, E. J. (2020).  Traditional masculine ideology, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, and treatment in service members and veterans: A systematic review.  Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21, 578-592.

O’Neil, J. M. (1982).   Gender-role conflict and strain in men’s lives.  In Solomon, K., & Levy, N. B. (Eds)., Men in transition.  Boston: MA.

Pulerwitz, J., & Barker, G.  (2008).   Measuring attitudes toward gender norms among young men in Brazil:  Development and psychometric evaluation of the GEM Scale.  Men and Masculinities, 10, 322-338.

The young lady’s book:  A manual of elegant recreations, exercises, and pursuits. (New York, 1830).

Welter, B.   (1966).  The cult of true womanhood:  1820-1860.  American Quarterly, 18, 151-174.

Wigington, P. (2021).   The cult of domesticity: Definition and History.  Retrieved 8/9/2022 from https://www.thoughtco.com/cult-of-domesticity/4694493.

Wood, W., & Eagly, A.H. (2002).  A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men:  Implications for the origins of sex differences.  Psychological Bulletin, 128, 699-727.

Gender and marketing

Alexander, G. M., Wilcox, T., & Woods, R.  (2009).   Sex differences in infants’ visual interest in toys.  Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 427-433.

Berenbaum, S. A., & Hines, M. (1992). Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences. Psychological Science, 3, 203–206.

Blakemore, J. E. O., & Centers, R. E. (2005).  Characteristics of boys’ and girls’ toys.  Sex Roles, 53, 619-633.

Bureau of the Census (1977).  Census of manufactures.  Washington, DC:  U.S. Department of Commerce.

Caldera, Y. M., Huston, A. C., & O’Brien, M.  (1989).  Social interactions and play patterns of parents and toddlers with feminine, masculine, and neutral toys.  Child Development, 60, 70-76.

Campenni, C. E. (1999).  Gender stereotyping of children’s toys: A comparison of parents and nonparents.  Sex Roles, 40, 121–138.

Chandler, D., & Griffiths, M. (2000).  Gender-differentiated production features in toy commercials. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 503-520.

Cherney, I. D., Harper, H. J., & Winter, J. A.   (2006).  New toys for tots:  What preschoolers identify as “boy and girl toys.”  Enfance, 58, 266-282.

Fein, G., Johnson, D., Kosson, N., Stork, L., & Wasserman, L. (1975).   Sex stereotypes and preferences in the toy choices of 20-month old boys and girls.   Developmental Psychology, 11, 527-528.

Fisher-Thompson, D. (1993).  Adult toy purchases for children: Factors affecting sex-typed toy selection.  Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 14, 385-406.

Freeman, N. K. (2007).  Preschoolers' perceptions of gender appropriate toys and their parents' beliefs about genderized behaviors: Miscommunication, mixed messages, or hidden truths?  Early Childhood Education Journal, 34, 357-366.

Gunter, B., Oates, C., & Blades, M.   (2005).  Advertisting to children on TV:   Content, impact and regulation.  Mahwah, NJ:  Erlbaum.

Hines, M., Golombok, S., Rust, J., Johnston, K. J., & Golding, J.   (2002).  Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of preschool children: A longitudinal, population study.  Child Development, 73, 1678–1687.

Langolis, J. H., & Downs, A. C.   (1980).  Mothers, fathers, and peers as socialization agents of sex-typed behavior in young children.  Child Development, 51, 1217-1247.

Lloyd, B., & Smith, C.  (1985).   The social representation of gender and young children’s play.  British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3, 65-73.

Obanawa, N., & Joh, H.  (1995).   The influence of toys on preschool children’s social behavior.  Psychologia, 38, 70-76.

Owen-Blakemore, J. E., & Centers, R. E. (2005). Characteristics of boys' and girls' toys. Sex Roles, 53, 619-633.

Ruble, D. N., Balaban, T., & Cooper, J. (1981). Gender constancy and the effects of sex-typed televised toy commercials. Child Development, 53, 667-673.

Schor, J. B.  (2008).   Understanding the child consumer.   Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 486-490.

Schwartz, L. A., & Markham, W. T. (1985).  Sex stereotyping in children's toy advertisements. Sex Roles, 12, 157-170.

Sciaraffa, M. A., & Caldera, Y. M. (1998).  Parent-toddler play with feminine toys: Are all dolls the same? Sex Roles, 39, 1998.   

Trillion-dollar kids.  (2006, December 2).  The Economist [electronic version].   Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8355035.

Van de Beek, C., van Goozen, S. H. M., Buitelaar, J. K., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T.  (2009).   Prenatal sex hormones (maternal and amniotic fluid) and gender-related play behavior in 13-month-old infants.  Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 6-15.

Williams, C. L., & Pleil, K. E.  (2008). Toy story: Why do monkey and human males prefer trucks?  Hormones and Behavior, 54, 355-358.

Wood, E., Desmarais, S., & Gugula, S. (2002). The impact of parenting experience on gender stereotyped toy play of children. Sex Roles, 47, 39-46.

Zosuls, K. M., Ruble, D. N., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Shrout, P. E., Bornstein, M. H., & Greulich, F. K.  (2009).  The acquisition of gender labels in infancy:  Implications for gender-typed play.  Developmental Psychology, 45, 688-701.